The periphery paradox in innovation policy: Latin America and Eastern Europe Compared

In this paper we are interested in analyzing the dynamics of the innovation policy in non-frontier countries, and their relationship with structural change and development.

Technology and intellectual property: a taxonomy of contemporary markets for knowledge and their implications for development

This paper aims to contribute to frame the IP for development debate into a more extensive discussion on appropriability, within the perspective of policies shaping scientific, technological and production capabilities in the light of development theory. Through the lenses of the paradigm based theory of innovation, the authors first recognize that technological asymmetries and gaps between firms and countries appear more as sticky features than as transitory stages of (automatic) adjustment processes, thus reassessing the appropriability ad disclosure function of patents. Then, the paper presents a taxonomy of contemporary markets for knowledge, flagging the existence of what we call derivative markets for knowledge. Patents become to a certain extent liquid because they loose the weight and the density of the technological component and they can easily circulate in the market without having necessarily to be entangled in any final artifact. Just as in derivative financial markets, the value of patents is a function of expectations regarding their uncertain potential future value. The paper concludes sketching the implications for development focusing on two major issues: i) how reassessing the role of IP through an evolutionary perspective affects behavioral microfoundations of innovative conducts and ii) how asymmetries in technological and production capacities between countries mould patenting behavior and participation and exclusion in the contemporary markets for knowledge.intellectual property rights, patents, appropriability, markets for knowledge, developing countries

Growth, Structural Change and Technological Capabilities. Latin America in a Comparative Perspective

Countries differ in terms of technological capabilities and complexity of production structures. According to that, countries may follow different development strategies: one based on extracting rents from abundant endowments, such as labor or natural resources, and the other focused on creating rents through intangibles, basically innovation and knowledge accumulation. The present article studies international convergence and divergence, linking structural change with trade and growth through a North South Ricardian model. The analysis focuses on the asymmetries between Latin America and mature and catching up economies. Empirical evidence supports that a shift in the composition of the production structure in favor of R&D intensive sectors allows achieving higher rates of growth in the long term and increases the capacity to respond to demand changes. A virtuous export-led growth requires laggard countries to reduce the technological gap with respect to more advanced ones. Hence, abundance of factor endowments requires to be matched with technological capabilities development for countries to converge in the long term.Latin America, Structural Change, Technological Capabilities, Growth

Science and technology policies in open economies: the case of Latin America and the Caribbean

Includes bibliographyAbstract Technical change and economic development are unequivocally related. But it still is a matter of debate how to close this loop and, even more, how to design proper policies to stimulate knowledge accumulation and diffusion. Evolutionarists and institutionalists demonstrate -to paraphrase Richard Nelson- that a network of formal and informal threads, embodied in what is called the National Innovation System, links the transformation of industrial structure, the accumulation of technological capabilities and the evolution of innovation policies (Cimoli and Dosi, 1995). Taking an evolutionary perspective, the focus of this paper is on technology policy in Latin America and the Caribbean. Two main issues are addressed. The first is to identify changes in the industrial structure, institutions and technology policies in the context of open economies. The second is to analyze market and non-market mechanisms, and supply-side and demand-side incentives responsible, for technical change and innovation, in order to identify technology policy opportunities for the region. The paper ends calling for pragmatism and coordination in technology policy. The need to go beyond a linear logic in innovation policy models the importance of recognizing the complex nature of knowledge and the quasi club good character it assumes in open economies and the crucial role of institutional building and restructuring are the three key pillars of this reality tailored model of technology policy. Actually, effectiveness of technology policies largely depends on the co-ordination and the co-evolution of its objectives, strategies and instruments with the transformation of production and organizational structures."

Growth, structural change and technological capabilities Latin America in a comparative perspective

Countries differ in terms of technological capabilities and complexity of production structures.According to that, countries may follow different development strategies: one based onextracting rents from abundant endowments, such as labor or natural resources, and the otherfocused on creating rents through intangibles, basically innovation and knowledgeaccumulation. The present article studies international convergence and divergence, linkingstructural change with trade and growth through a North South Ricardian model. The analysisfocuses on the asymmetries between Latin America and mature and catching up economies.Empirical evidence supports that a shift in the composition of the production structure in favorof R&D intensive sectors allows achieving higher rates of growth in the long term andincreases the capacity to respond to demand changes. A virtuous export-led growth requireslaggard countries to reduce the technological gap with respect to more advanced ones. Hence,abundance of factor endowments requires to be matched with technological capabilitiesdevelopment for countries to converge in the long term.

Abiraterone acetate in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer after chemotherapy. A retrospective “Real Life” analysis of activity and safety

Abiraterone acetate (AA) is a potent, selective androge (CYP17) biosynthesis inhibitor, which showed to improve overall survival (HR = 0.646) in mCRPC patients progressing after docetaxel. In this retrospective analysis we assessed the safety and efficacy of AA in patients affected with mCRPC progressing after chemotherapy, treated in the normal clinical practice, in several Italian Oncologic Units, after the approval of the drug from the Italian Drug Agency (AIFA)

Abiraterone acetate in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer after chemotherapy. A retrospective analysis of progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in the “Real Life”

Background: Abiraterone acetate (AA) is a potent, selective androgen (CYP17) biosynthesis inhibitor, which showed to improve overall survival (HR = 0.646) in mCRPC patients progressing after docetaxel. In this retrospective analysis we assessed the PFS and OS safety in patients affected with mCRPC progressing after chemotherapy, treated in the normal clinical practice, in several Italian Oncologic Units